So, you must help Maple a bit.

Download ineqz.mw

Download cyl.mw

Here is a procedure for Conic classification (general case). It was extracted (& adapted) from a MathApp.
It will not be useful to you, unless you read about this subject.

P:=proc(a,b,c,d,e,f)  #  See ?MathApps,ConicSections
    local equ,disc,Delta, Type, Point, deg, equ2;
    equ := sort(a*x^2+b*x*y+c*y^2+d*x+e*y+f);
    Delta := 4*a*c*f-a*e^2+b*e*d-b^2*f-c*d^2;
    disc := b^2-4*a*c;
    if Delta <> 0 then

        if disc < 0 then
            if c*Delta > 0 then
                Type := "This equation has no real solutions.";
            elif b = 0 and a = c then
                Type := "A circle.";
            else
                Type := "An ellipse.";
            end if;
        elif disc = 0 then
            Type := "A parabola.";
        else
            Type := "A hyperbola.";
        end if;

    # From here on, Delta = 0 : we have the degenerate cases

    elif disc > 0 then #OK
        Type := "Two intersecting lines.";
    elif disc < 0 then #OK
        Type := "A single point.";
        Point := [(2*c*d-b*e)/disc, (2*a*e-b*d)/disc];
    elif equ = 0 then
        Type := "Every point is a solution.";
    else
        deg := degree(equ, [x,y]);
        if deg = 0 then
            Type := "This equation has no solutions.";
        elif deg = 1 then
            Type := "A line.";
            equ2 := equ;
        else
            # a,b,c not all 0
            if c = 0 then
                # c=b=e=0
                disc := d^2-4*a*f;
            else
                # if a = 0 then                
                    # a=b=d=0
                    disc := e^2-4*c*f;
                # else
                    # both discs above have same sign,
                    # so either one is sufficient
                # end if;
            end if;
            if disc > 0 then
                Type := "Two parallel lines.";
            elif disc = 0 then
                Type := "A line.";
                equ2 := select(has, factor(equ)*t, [x,y]);
                if type(equ2, `^`) and op(2, equ2) = 2 then
                    equ2 := op(1, equ2);
                end if;
            else
                Type := "This equation has no solutions.";
            end if;
        end if;
    end if;
    equ=0,'Type'=Type;
end proc:

Why do you say that the first ODE y' = p1/p2 is exact? It became exact, after you have multiplied it with the integrating factor p2.
Most ODEs are in this situation. Should all be declared exact?

## The simplest way is to solve the equation in x
X:=fsolve(1/x^3-sin(12*x)=0, x=1.2..2, maxsols=10); # there are 3 solutions

     X := 1.266058342, 1.591679996, 1.818677859

Y := seq(1/x^3, x=X);

     Y := 0.4927638533, 0.2479891760, 0.1662389018

## As a system
s:={fsolve([y-sin(12*x)=0,x^3*y=1], {x,y}, {x=1.2..2})}; # first root

     s := {{x = 1.818677859, y = 0.1662389017}}

fsolve([y-sin(12*x)=0,x^3*y=1], {x,y}, {x=1.2..2}, avoid=s): # repeat if you want
s:=s union {%};

     s := {{x = 1.266058343, y = 0.4927638522}, {x = 1.818677859, y = 0.1662389017}}

N := 100:
for a to N do
for b from a to N do
for c from b to N do
  s:=[isolve(t^3-(a+b+c)*t^2+(a*b+a*c+b*c)*t-2*a*b*c)];
  if nops(s)>1 then print(rhs~(op~(s)), [a,b,c]) fi;
od od od:

You have a restart after with(LinearAlgebra).

So, P[0], P[1] are given and you need P[i] for i>1 in terms of L[i,j].
We may suppose P[0] = [0,0] (the origin) and P[1] = [a,0], a>0 (actually a=L[0,1]).
Only L[k,0], L[k,1] will be needed (k>1).

There are 2 solutions (symmetric wrt the x axis), so we may take the y-coordonate of P[k] be positive.

solve( [ x^2+y^2 = L[k,0]^2, (x-a)^2+y^2 = L[k,1]^2 ], {x,y}, explicit ):
select( u -> (sign(eval(y,u))=1), %):
P[k]=eval([x,y],%);

Use
G1:=RelabelVertices(G,[1,2,3,4,5,6]);

In Maple, a polynomial cannot have symbolic exponents (powers). For example, x^m - x^2 - 2 is not a polynomial, unless m is a (constant) nonnegative integer. This is normal; try for example to compute by hand the quotient and the remainder for the polynomials  x^m - x^2 - 2  and x^3 + 2*x + 3; such operations are essential in the Groebner package.

In conclusion your problem cannot be solved in a CAS (but you may solve it providing integer value(s) for m).

Maple needs a little help.

restart;
eq := x^2+floor(x)-10:
seq( solve({eval(eq, floor(x)=n), n <= x, x < n+1}), n=-5..5);

        {x = -sqrt(14)}, {x = 2*sqrt(2)}

Download LongestPath-sent2.mw

For such expressions involving principal branches, the solutions are difficult to find, and more important, they are much more difficult to check.

Consider the equation (equivalent to yours):
g:=2*ln(u) + ln(u^2+2);
solve( g - c = 0, u);       # 2 solutions     (1)
solve( g - ln(c) = 0, u);  # 4 solutions   (2)

If we are interested in real solutions (so, u>0, c real) then there is a unique solution.

But for complex u, c, do we have 2? 4? more? Of course (1) and (2) are contradictory (the 4 solutions given in (2) are distinct but not all are true -- for the principal branch of ln: just take a numeric c and check the solutions).
So, it's much more important to determine the true solutions rather than to eliminate the duplicates!