An elementary problem

by: Maple

Here is a very nice (but not easy) elementary problem.
The equality
ceil(2/(2^(1/n)-1)) = floor(2*n/ln(2));

is not an identity, it does not hold for each positive integer n.
How to find such a number?

[This is a re-post, because the original vanished when trying a conversion Question-->Post]

The problem appears in the recent book:
Richard P. Stanley - Conversational Problem Solving. AMS, 2020.

The problem is related to a n-dimensional tic-tac-toe game. The first counterexample (2000) was wrong due to a multiprecision arithmetic error.
The  author of the book writes
"To my knowledge, only eight values of n are known for which the equation fails,
and it is not known whether there are infinitely many such values",

but using Maple it will be easy to find more.

A brute-force solution is problematic because the smallest counterexample is > 7*10^14.

restart;
a := 2/(2^(1/n)-1): b := 2*n/ln(2):
asympt(b-a, n);


It results:  b - a → 1 (for n →oo);
So, to have a counterexample, b must be close to an integer
m ≈ 2*n/ln(2)  ==> n/m ≈ ln(2)/2

The candidates for n/m will be obviously the convergents of the continued fraction of the irrational number ln(2)/2.

convert(ln(2)/2, confrac, 200, 'L'):
Digits:=500:
for n in numer~(L[3..]) do
if not evalf(ceil(a)=floor(b)) then printf("n=%d\n", n) fi;
od:


n=777451915729368
n=140894092055857794
n=1526223088619171207
n=54545811706258836911039145
n=624965662836733496131286135873807507
n=1667672249427111806462471627630318921648499
n=36465374036664559522628534720215805439659141
n=2424113537313479652351566323080535902276508627
n=123447463532804139472316739803506251988903644272
n=97841697218028095572510076719589816668243339678931971
n=5630139432241886550932967438485653485900841911029964871
n=678285039039320287244063811222441860326049085269592368999
n=312248823968901304612135523777926467950572570270886324722782642817828920779530446911
n=5126378297284476009502432193466392279080801593096986305822277185206388903158084832387
n=1868266384496708840693682923003493054768730136715216748598418855972395912786276854715767
n=726011811269636138610858097839553470902342131901683076550627061487326331082639308139922553824778693815

So, we have obtained 16 counterexamples. The question whether there are an infinity of such n's remains open.

Damped Forced Movement with Maple

Maple 2020

With this application, the differential equation of forced systems is studied directly. It comes with embedded components and also with native Maple code. Soon I will develop this same application with MapleSim. Only for engineering students.

Damped_Forced_Movement.mw

Lenin AC

The Physics Examples and LaTeX

by: Maple

One of the most interesting help page about the use of the Physics package is Physics,Examples. This page received some additions recently. It is also an excellent example of the File -> Export -> LaTeX capabilities under development.

Below you see the sections and subsections of this page. At the bottom, you have links to the updated PhysicsExample.mw worksheet, together with PhysicsExamples.PDF.

The PDF file has 74 pages and is obtained by going File -> Export -> LaTeX (FEL) on this worksheet to get a .tex version of it using an experimental version of Maple under development. The .tex file that results from FEL (used to get the PDF using TexShop on a Mac) has no manual editing. This illustrates new automatic line-breakingequation labels, colours, plots, and the new LaTeX translation of sophisticated mathematical physics notation used in the Physics package (command Latex in the Maplesoft Physics Updates, to be renamed as latex in the upcoming Maple release).

In brief, this LaTeX project aims at writing entire course lessons or scientific papers directly in the Maple worksheet that combines what-you-see-is-what-you-get editing capabilities with the Maple computational engine to produce mathematical results. And from there get a LaTeX version of the work in two clicks, optionally hiding all the input (View -> Show/Hide -> Input).

PS: MANY THANKS to all of you who provided so-valuable feedback on the new Latex here in Mapleprimes.

Edgardo S. Cheb-Terrab
Physics, Differential Equations and Mathematical Functions, Maplesoft

Antenna arrays

by: Maple

If you are interested in experimenting with simple antenna arrays, this worksheet may prove useful.  I have provided a few examples of arrays that repeat in the x, y and z directions, but it will be very easy to tweak this tool if you are more interested in circular or triangular arrays.

This is one of the example arrays:

Antenna_arrays.mw

Antenna_arrays.pdf

A Maple generator of LatTeX \tabular structures

by: Maple

In two recent questions

dnaviaux  raised concerns about saving informations he could include in a typeset report.

In the first question these informations were mainly printf terminal outputs, while the second question was oriented to informations of type Table (in the sense of DocumentTools:-Layout:-Table).

Acer has given a direct answer to this last question.
On my side I proposed a less direct one based on a LaTeXapproach.

Since several years I use to generate a LaTeX source code for typeset reports directly from Maple (this is not very difficult once you know LaTeX).
These reports often contain data tables Mbut latex(M)is not the good way to code these data tables into LaTeX.
That is why I turned towards the LaTeX/tabularstructure

\begin{tabular}{...}
...
\end{tabular]

Data tables are very simple structures and converting them programmatically from Maple Matrix into  LaTeX tabular is rather simple: the most important thing you must remember is that some characters have a special role in LaTeX  (for instance "\" , "_" and "$") while having a special meaning in Maple too: so beware of conflicts. The procedure Tabular in the attached file takes as argument a Matrix and returns the LaTeX code of its tabular counterpart. Note that it could be easily extendend to accept a DataFrameas input. This is a very simple simple version and fonts (\rm, \bf, \it... or others), styles (\scriptsize, \large, ...) and much more customization features could be accounted for without any difficulty. For this particular example inspired by dnaviaux first question, it would be probably better to replace the LaTeX code by one of thes two: \begin{tabular}{|c @{$\pm$} c|} .... Asdfsdg & +5.190e+01 & 2.5950e+00 \\  or : \begin{tabular}{|c|c|} .... Asdfsdg & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{$+8.680e-01 \pm 0.9190} \\  dnaviaux second question concerned a DocumentTools:-Layout:-Table object. For what I understood this table has a simple structure (no rowspan neither columnspan used). But, knowing that tabular can manage merged columns (\multicolumn) and merged rows (\multirow, provided the ad hoc pasckage is used), I wondered if it would be possible to generate the LaTeX/tabular code corresponding to a Table using rowspan and columnspan? This is done by the procedure Tabular_Table in the attached file. Here again this is a very simple procedure which doesn't exploit all the informations a Table structure contains (backgroundstylefillcoloralignalignmentseparator [Tabular_Table separates all columns and rows] ...). The "raw" rendering is not bad but could be improved: • adjust the way \multirowcenters the content of a cell (Xis badly placed in example 3) • adjust the spaces between line/clineand the text • by using the package cellspace • or my modufying \arraystretch with \renewcommand. • one could also add a legend with \caption • parameterize Tabular_Table to accept other column separators • manage the colors (for instance a blue for a math expression and a black for a text) • ... Finally Tabularand Tabular_Tablecould have an optional argument file: {file::{symbol, string}:= terminal}  set by default to terminalor wich could be the name of a .texfile This work is still under developpement and I would be happy to exchange with you on this topic. Happy New Year to all of you Tabular_from_Maple.mw Here is the content of the .tex file (I used Welcome-to-CoCalc.texto create/compile it) \documentclass{article} % set font encoding for PDFLaTeX, XeLaTeX, or LuaTeX \usepackage{ifxetex,ifluatex} \if\ifxetex T\else\ifluatex T\else F\fi\fi T% \usepackage{fontspec} \else \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} \usepackage{lmodern} \fi \usepackage{hyperref} % DO NOT FORGET THIS PACKAGE !!! \usepackage{multirow} \title{Tabulars from Maple} \author{mmcdara} \begin{document} \maketitle \begin{itemize} \item[\bf{Example 1}] \begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|} \hline \hline Quantity & Nominal value & Uncertainty \\ \hline Asdfsdg & +9.060e+01 & 4.5298e+00 \\ \hline Bdfg & +1.437e+01 & 7.1870e-01 \\ \hline C123 & +8.025e+01 & 4.0125e+00 \\ \hline Ddf sdfg dsfg & +9.614e+00 & 4.8072e-01 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} \item[]\vspace*{10mm} \item[\bf{Example 3}] \begin{tabular}{| c | c | c | c | c |} \hline \multicolumn{1}{|c|}{\multirow{4}{*}{X}} & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{\multirow{1}{*}{A1}} & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{\multirow{2}{*}{A2}} & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{\multirow{1}{*}{A3}} \\ \cline{2-2} \cline{3-3} \cline{5-5} & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{\multirow{2}{*}{B1}} &\multicolumn{1}{c|}{\multirow{1}{*}{B2}} & & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{\multirow{3}{*}{B3}} \\ \cline{3-3} \cline{4-4} & & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{{\cos \left( \omega\,t+\phi \right) }^{\mathstrut}_{\atop{}{\mathstrut}}$} & \\ \cline{2-2} \cline{3-3} \cline{4-4} & \multicolumn{3}{c|}{${{\frac {1}{\Gamma  \left( x \right) }\sqrt {{{\rm e}^{-{\frac {{t}^{2}}{\pi }}}}}}}^{\mathstrut}_{\atop{}{\mathstrut}}$} & \\ \hline \end{tabular} \end{itemize} \end{document} Image of the resulting PDF: For comparison here is the Tableof Example 3 that Mapledisplays in the worksheet Polar Point Plot and Zooming by: A customer wondered if they could create a plot of points on a polar axis, and if they could zoom a polar plot. We suggested a couple of options for making these plots, and (although zooming is not supported in polar coordinates in Maple 2020) an alternative to manually scale a polar plot. Hope it's a useful demonstration. polar-point-plot-with-zoom.mw Syntactic graph of a mathematical expression by: Maple 2015 Recently I came back on the general problem of drawing the syntactic graph of a mathematical expression. Probably some of you have already done this as students for it is a classic when you learn recursive procedures, chained lists or graphs. I wasn't interested in doing this with Maple, because Maple had already done a part of the job thanks to the procedure ToInert. More of this, the package GraphTheory seemed to possess all the required features to obtain quickly this syntactic graph. Nevertheless it took me a lot of time to fix (almost all) the problems. The issues are mainly of two orders: 1. ToInert is very verbose: a necessary feature when you want to have a non ambiguous syntax of an expression, but partly useless for simple visualization. Here is an example ToInert(f(x)) _Inert_FUNCTION(_Inert_NAME("f"), _Inert_EXPSEQ(_Inert_NAME("x"))) 2. GraphTheory Once the inert form of the expression is known, it is necessary to put it in a form that can be manipulated by the procedures of the GraphTheory package. More precisely one needs to transform this inert form into a set of lists [a, b], where a and b are two neighboring vertices of the syntactic graph and [a, b] the directed arc from a to b. As the syntactic graph is a tree, this implies using edges {a, b} instead of arcs [a, b]. The problem is that some operators are commutative while others are not: for the latter this means that the edges and vertices on the syntactic graph must appear in an order that respects the non-commutativity. Here his a toy example where I manually buid the syntactic graphs of a/b and b/a: the two graphs are identical and this comes from the fact that edges in Graph( edges ) must be a set, thus an ordered structure whose order doesn't care about non-commutativity. restart: with(GraphTheory): # The first is aimed to represent the expression a/b # while the second is aimed to represent the expression b/a Gdiv := Graph({{"/", "a"}, {"/", "b"}}): g1 := DrawGraph(Gdiv, style=tree, root="/", title=a/b): Gdiv := Graph({{"/", "b"}, {"/", "a"}}): g2 :=DrawGraph(Gdiv, style=tree, root="/", title=b/a): plots:-display(<g1 | g2>)  Download ab_ba.mw After several attempts, I decided to discard the GraphTheory package, that is to deprive myself of all the interesting features one needs to manipulate a graph. The result is given on the attached file (... and the content of the worksheet can't be loaded as usual). Download Syntactic_Graph.mw Here is an example Twelve test cases are given, all the corresponding syntactic graphs are correct, but one of them (test case iexpr=1) seems incorrect because the right child of a parent P is located to the right of the left child of a parent P', even though P' is to the right of P. This could be corrected by modifying the way the posiitons are computed in procedure Place. PS : It doesn't seem that Maple has a built-in procedure to construct the syntactic graph of a mathematical expression. But maybe I'm wrong? Serious bugs in solve command by: Maple 2018 In the two examples below (in the second example, the range for the roots is simply expanded), we see bugs in both examples (Maple 2018.2). I wonder if these errors are fixed in Maple 2020?  > restart;  > solve({log[1/3](2*sin(x)^2-3*cos(2*x)+6)=-2,x>=-7*Pi/2,x<=-2*Pi}, explicit, allsolutions); # Example 1 - strange error message solve({log[1/3](2*sin(x)^2-3*cos(2*x)+6)=-2,x>=-4*Pi,x<=-2*Pi}, explicit, allsolutions); # Example 2 - two roots missing  (1)  > plot(log[1/3](2*sin(x)^2-3*cos(2*x)+6)+2, x=-7*Pi/2..-2*Pi); plot(log[1/3](2*sin(x)^2-3*cos(2*x)+6)+2, x=-4*Pi..-2*Pi);  > Student:-Calculus1:-Roots(log[1/3](2*sin(x)^2-3*cos(2*x)+6)=-2, x=-7*Pi/2..-2*Pi); # OK Student:-Calculus1:-Roots(log[1/3](2*sin(x)^2-3*cos(2*x)+6)=-2, x=-4*Pi..-2*Pi); # OK  (2)  > I am glad that Student:-Calculus1:-Roots command successfully handles both examples. Download bugs-in-solve.mw Light, Chroma & Lamp Engineering Applications Maple Spectroscopy is both qualitative and quantitative, so one can use spectral data tables of elements to do some fairly accurate Light Engineering. Some nifty emulation of the spectral distributions of many non-LED popular lamps, which allows for direct utility calculations based on many different parameters including chromaticity, space type, lifetime, occasion, application, cost and efficiency. 7 such parameters are used with constrained weight optimization to fish out some of the more popular lamp types used in many situations today. References (inline) the following docs: The Science of Color, the Emission Spectra of the Elements and Some Lamp Engineering Applications and The Double Amici Prism Hand-held Spectroscope First link main Theory, second link experimental verification. Usage: Maple 18 main document code with library and data files. Download, unzip and run document for some quick results. Don't move library/data files relative to main doc. For further results and particular details, such as particular spectra & lamps, UN-comment the relevant commands in sections and execute individually after you have executed the entire sheet at least once. Will be modified some time later to deal with LEDs. Based on elemental spectral data published by NIST. Suggestions 4 Improvements/Errors @ followup, here. Elements.zip For sample pics generated with the above code, click on the first reference link. All pictures therein were generated using this code. -- Cheers, Yiannis 2-line tickmarks on Maple plots by: Maple A customer wondered if it was possible to create 2-line tickmarks on Maple plots like so We achieved this using typeset, fractions, and backticks. Worksheet follows. 2line-tickmarks-mprimes.mw The Drunkard's Walk by: Hi, This post is inspired by a recent question maple least square fit error... where the OP was simulating what appeared to be a stochastic process known as the Drunkard's walk (see for instance The_Drunkard's_Walk). In the case of the PO, the drunk took a step forward or a step backward (say along a narrow, long corridor) with equal probabilities. In addition one assumes that the step the drunkhard takes is independent of all the steps he did before. His move is what is called a (1D) Random_walk This little application based on MAPLETS (ok, I know that some people see them as old-fashioned technology). It draws a sequence of several drunkard's walks, all of identical number of steps, and interactively plots the current histogram of the arrival point (the point where he is at the end of his walk -which should be the door if the same pub he started from if he is an inveterate drunkhard or if he knows a little about statistics- ). The code contains 2 procedures : • f_step_by_step (n, Discrete=false/true) n : number of steps Discrete = false (default value) plot the histogram of the arrivals point as if these points were realizarions of a continuous random variable In this simple model these arrivals can take only integer values between -n and +n included; the Discrete=true option is recommended but it takes more walks for it to converge to the asymptotic distribution (see below). Once launched, f_step_by_step opens a maplet containing a Plotter and 2 buttons. A first walk is displayed, clic the "Plot" button to draw another and repeat the operation as many times as you want. • f_automatic (n, m, Discrete=false/true) d and Discrete both have the same meaning than for f_step_by_step. m is the number of random walk you want to draw The code is set to draw 1000 walks of 1000 steps ; this correspong roughly to 250 Mb of memory used. f_automatic contains a call to Threads:-Sleep to delay the display, the argument of Sleep is set to 0.25 second and must be modified within the procedure (its value could be passed to f_automatic as an argument). In my opinion it is the more interesting of the two procedures. The values of the current mean and standard deviation are displayed as title. The purpose is before all educative and can be seen as an illustration of the (one of) Central Limit Theorem(s) (CLT) A little bit of theory: Let X[n] the position of the drunkhard after n steps; his position X[n+1] is either X[n]-1 or X[n]+1 with equal probabilities. The displacement X[n+1]-X[n] is a discrete random variable S with outcomes -1 and +1 and it's easy to find its variance is equal to 1. The position of the trunkard after n steps is just a realization of the n independant and identically distributed, random variables S1, ...Sn whose distribibution is equal to the one of S. Thus : • Expectation (S1 + ... +Sn) = 0 • Variance (S1 + ... +Sn) = n For n=1000 steps, the standard deviation of the arrivals is about 31.6) CLT says that the distribution of S1 + ... +Sn tends to a Gaussian distribution as n tends to infinity. What is the exact distribution of the arrivals? Another way to represent S is to write S = 2*B-1 where B is a Bernoulli random variable with parameter 1/2. The random variable "Arrival" is twice the sum of N indpendent rabdom variables such like S and thus its distribution is 2*Binomial(N, 1/2)-N. What is the rate of convergence of the histogram to the true probability function? For a sample of size N drawn from a continuous random variables, its histogram has: • a bias error of order 1/K (K being the number of bins) • a Linfinity error of order K*sqrt( log(K) / M ) (M number of drunkhard's walks) see for instance Lec2_density.pdf Using the option Discrete=true corresponds to the choice K=2*N+1, in this case the choice with the highest Linfinity error (the larger K the smaller the bias but the larger the Linfinity error). This is the reason I introduced the possibility to graw histograms and bar (column) graphs: for the same value of M the Linfinity error of the histogram (for instance with the default number of bins Maple uses) is nuch slower than the one of the comumn graph. A few "internal" parameters. I already spoke about the delay to display txo succesive walks. Other parameters could be: • The value of minbins in the case discrete=false (default) This value is fixed to 2*sqrt(M). • The width in the "view" option of the plot: it's left part displays the drunkhard's walk and it's right one the histogram of the arrivals (after a rotation of -Pi/2). This value si fixed to 5/4*M. Note that the histogram is dynamically rescaled in order it's height is always 1/4*number_of_steps. • The height of the view option is set to -Q..Q where Q is equal to 4 standard deviations of the theoritical distribution of the arrivals. The continuous envelope of this distribution is red plotted in red (its height is normalized to M/4, see above). One can show this standard deviation iverifies sqrt(M). In my opinion using a full vertical scale (-M..M) doesn't give pretty drunkward's walkes because they seem to more concentrated around the value 0. WATCHOUT Starting from 0 any walk with an odd number of steps will give an odd arrival and any walk with an even number of steps will give an even arrival. Thus the exact number of outcomes for the arrivals are: • 2*n if n is odd • 2*n-1 if n is even Other application This maplet can be used as illustration of the Galton Board (also known as the Bean_machine) Why using maplets? Another solution could have been to use animate. But to draw the M drunkard's walks, you would have had to use M frames. An excessive task that I'm not even sure Maple would have been able to handle. I guess that imbeded components could do the job too, but I'm not as comfortable with them as I am with maplets. To illustrate what the code does an image of the final result is given below. Drunkard_walk.mw Something about one degree of freedom for testing... by: Maple 17 One forum had a topic related to such a platform. You can download a video of the movement of this platform from the picture at this link. The manufacturer calls the three-degrees platform, that is, having three degrees of freedom. Three cranks rotate, and the platform is connected to them by connecting rods through ball joints. The movable beam (rocker arm) has torsion springs. I counted 4 degrees of freedom, because when all three cranks are locked, the platform remains mobile, which is camouflaged by the springs of the rocker arm. Actually, the topic on the forum arose due to problems with the work of this platform. Neither the designers nor those who operate the platform take into account this additional fourth, so-called parasitic degree of freedom. Obviously, if we will to move the rocker with the locked cranks , the platform will move. Based on this parasitic movement and a similar platform design, a very simple device is proposed that has one degree of freedom and is, in fact, a spatial linkage mechanism. We remove 3 cranks, keep the connecting rods, convert the rocker arm into a crank and get such movements that will not be worse (will not yield) to the movements of the platform with 6 degrees of freedom. And by changing the length of the crank, the plane of its rotation, etc., we can create simple structures with the required design trajectories of movement and one degree of freedom. Two examples (two pictures for each example). The crank rotates in the vertical plane (side view and top view) PLAT_1.mw and the crank rotates in the horizontal plane (side view and top view). The program consists of three parts. 1 choice of starting position, 2 calculation of the trajectory, 3 design of the picture. Similar to the programm in this topic. Autosizing TextArea by: Maple I created a little procedure to automatically size text areas based on content. It sizes the text area based on wraparound and tab characters, something that the autosize for the code edit region does not do. (Hint to Maple developers) Enjoy.  AutosizeTextArea:=proc(TextAreaName, {intMinRows::nonnegint:=5, intMinChars::nonnegint:=50, intMaxChars::nonnegint:=140}) description "Autosizes the TextArea based on content", "Parameters", "1) TextAreaName__The name of the textarea", "Optional Parameters", "intMinRows________Minimum number of visible rows", "intMinChars_______Minimum character width", "intMaxChars_______Maximum character width"; uses DocumentTools, StringTools; local strLines, intLongestLine, nLines; strLines := Split(GetProperty(TextAreaName,'value'),"\n"); intLongestLine := max('numelems'~(strLines)); # Count the characters in each line (add 7 extra characters for each tab). Determine the number of lines to display each line due to wraparound, then add all these together # to determine the number of rows to display. nLines := add(ceil~(('numelems'~(strLines) + StringTools:-CountCharacterOccurrences~(strLines, "\t")*~7)/~intMaxChars)); SetProperty(TextAreaName, 'visibleRows', max(nLines, intMinRows), 'refresh' = true); SetProperty(TextAreaName, 'visibleCharacterWidth', min(max(intLongestLine, intMinChars),intMaxChars), 'refresh' = true); end proc: A digression about the US electoral college tie by: Maple 2015 A fascinating race is presently running (even if the latest results seem to have put an end to it). I'm talking of course about the US presidential elections. My purpose is not to do politics but to discuss of a point of detail that really left me puzzled: the possibility of an electoral college tie. I guess that this possibility seems as an aberration for a lot of people living in democratic countries. Just because almost everywhere at World electoral colleges contain an odd number of members to avoid such a situation! So strange a situation that I did a few things to pass the time (of course with the earphones on the head so I don't miss a thing). This is done with Maple 2015 and I believe that the amazing Iterator package (that I can't use thanks to the teleworking :-( ) could be used to do much more interesting things.  > restart:  > with(Statistics):  > ElectoralCollege := Matrix(51, 2, [  > Alabama, 9, Kentucky, 8, North_Dakota, 3,  > Alaska, 3, Louisiana, 8, Ohio, 18,  > Arizona, 11, Maine, 4, Oklahoma, 7,  > Arkansas, 6, Maryland, 10, Oregon, 7,  > California, 55, Massachusetts, 11, Pennsylvania, 20,  > Colorado, 9, Michigan, 16, Rhode_Island, 4,  > Connecticut, 7, Minnesota, 10, South_Carolina, 9,  > Delaware, 3, Mississippi, 6, South_Dakota, 3,  > District_of_Columbia, 3, Missouri, 10, Tennessee, 11,  > Florida, 29, Montana, 3, Texas, 38,  > Georgia, 16, Nebraska, 5, Utah, 6,  > Hawaii, 4, Nevada, 6, Vermont, 3,  > Idaho, 4, New_Hampshire, 4, Virginia, 13,  > Illinois, 20, New_Jersey, 14, Washington, 12,  > Indiana, 11, New_Mexico, 5, West_Virginia, 5,  > Iowa, 6, New_York, 29, Wisconsin, 10,  > Kansas, 6, North_Carolina, 15, Wyoming, 3 ]):  (1)  > add(ElectoralCollege[..,2]): tie := %/2;  (2)  > ec := convert(ElectoralCollege, listlist):  > # Sets of states that form an electoral college tie R := 10^5: nbties := 0: states := NULL: for r from 1 to R do poll := combinat:-randperm(ec): cpoll := CumulativeSum(op~(2, poll)): if tie in cpoll then nbties := nbties+1; place := ListTools:-Search(tie, cpoll); states := states, op~(1, poll)[1..place]: # see below end if: end do:  > # electoral college tie is not so rare an event # (prob of occurrence about 9.4 %). # # Why the hell the US constitution did not decide to have an odd # number or electors to avoid ths kind of situation instead of # introducing a complex mechanism when tie appears???? nbties; evalf(nbties/R); states := [states]:  (3)  > # What states participate to the tie? names := sort(ElectoralCollege[..,1]): all_states_in_ties := [op(op~(states))]: howoften := Vector( 51, i -> ListTools:-Occurrences(names[i], all_states_in_ties) ): ScatterPlot(Vector(51, i->i), howoften);  > # All the states seem to appear equally likely in an electoral college tie. # Why? Does someone have a guess? # # The reason is obvious, as each state must appear in the basket of a candidate, # then in case of a tie each state is either in op~(1, poll)[1..place] (candidate 1) # or either in op~(1, poll)[place+1..51] (candidate 2); # So, as we obtained 9397 ties, each states appears exactly 9397 times (with # different occurences in the baskets of candidate 1 and 2).  > # Lengths of the configurations that lead to a tie. # # Pleas refer to the answer above to understand why Histogram(lengths) should be # symmetric. lengths := map(i -> numelems(states[i]), [$1..nbties]): sort(Tally(lengths))
 (4)
 > Histogram(lengths, range=min(lengths)..max(lengths), discrete=true)
 > ShortestConfigurations := map(i -> if lengths[i]=min(lengths) then states[i] end if, [$1..nbties]): print~(ShortestConfigurations):  (5)  > LargestConfigurations := map(i -> if lengths[i]=max(lengths) then states[i] end if, [$1..nbties]): print~(LargestConfigurations):
 (6)
 > # What could be the largest composition of a basket in case of a tie? # (shortest composition is the complementary of the largest one) ecs   := sort(ec, key=(x-> x[2])); csecs := CumulativeSum(op~(2, ecs)): # Where would the break locate? tieloc := ListTools:-BinaryPlace(csecs, tie); csecs[tieloc..tieloc+1]
 (7)
 > # This 40  states coniguration is not a tie. # # But list all the states in basket of candidate 1 and look to the 41th state (which is # in the basket of candidate 2) ecs[1..tieloc]; print(): ecs[tieloc+1]
 (8)
 > # It appears that exchanging Virginia and New_Jersey increases by 1 unit the college of candidate 1 # and produces a tie. LargestBasketEver := [ ecs[1..tieloc-1][], ecs[tieloc+1] ]; add(op~(2, LargestBasketEver))
 (9)
 > # The largest electoral college tie contains 40 states (the shortest 11)

A little about controlled platforms (parallel...

by: Maple 17

Controlled platform with 6 degrees of freedom. It has three rotary-inclined racks of variable length:

and an example of movement parallel to the base:

Perhaps the Stewart platform may not reproduce such trajectories, but that is not the point. There is a way to select a design for those specific functions that our platform will perform. That is, first we consider the required trajectories of the platform movement, and only then we select a driving device that can reproduce them. For example, we can fix the extreme positions of the actuators during the movement of the platform and compare them with the capabilities of existing designs, or simulate your own devices.
In this case, the program consists of three parts. (The text of the program directly for the first figure : PLATFORM_6.mw) In the first part, we select the starting point for the movement of a rigid body with six degrees of freedom. Here three equations f6, f7, f8 are responsible for the six degrees of freedom. The equations f1, f2, f3, f4, f5 define a trajectory of motion of a rigid body. The coordinates of the starting point are transmitted via disk E for the second part of the program. In the second part of the program, the trajectory of a rigid body is calculated using the Draghilev method. Then the trajectory data is transferred via the disk E for the third part of the program.
In the third part of the program, the visualization is executed and the platform motion drive device is modeled.
It is like a sketch of a possible way to create controlled platforms with six degrees of freedom. Any device that can provide the desired trajectory can be inserted into the third part. At the same time, it is obvious that the geometric parameters of the movement of this device with the control of possible emergency positions and the solution of the inverse kinematics problem can be obtained automatically if we add the appropriate code to the program text.
Equations can be of any kind and can be combined with each other, and they must be continuously differentiable. But first, the equations must be reduced to uniform variables in order to apply the Draghilev method.
(These examples use implicit equations for the coordinates of the vertices of the triangle.)

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